Index

The section of the US Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act covering compounding by state-licensed pharmacies and physicians for individual patients.

The section covering registered outsourcing facilities that compound in larger quantities under federal quality rules.

A synthetic fifteen-amino-acid peptide derived from a protein in human gastric juice, studied since the early 1990s almost entirely in rodents.

The FDA's list of bulk drug substances that may be used in compounding when no monograph or approved-drug route applies.

A holding category for nominated substances the FDA considers to raise significant safety concerns; placement discourages compounding with them.

Contract development and manufacturing organisation, a company that makes drug substances for others.

A modified analogue of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29). The 'no DAC' form lacks the drug-affinity complex that extends the half-life of the DAC version.

Preparing a medicine for a specific patient or facility from ingredients rather than dispensing a manufactured, approved product.

Digital object identifier, a permanent reference for a published paper.

Bacterial contaminants that cause fever; the LAL test is the standard assay for them in injectable preparations.

A copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) found in human plasma, used for decades in topical cosmetic formulations.

A modified form of growth-hormone-releasing hormone that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, a second gut hormone targeted by dual and triple agonists.

A drug that activates the receptor for glucagon-like peptide-1, lowering blood glucose and appetite.

GHRH analogues and secretagogues: ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin.

High-performance liquid chromatography, the standard method for measuring a peptide's purity.

The tendency of a substance to provoke an immune response, including antibodies that can reduce a drug's later effectiveness.

A pentapeptide growth-hormone secretagogue that acts on the ghrelin receptor, developed in the 1990s and studied for post-operative ileus before development stopped.

Freeze-dried. Most research peptides are supplied as a lyophilised powder for stability.

A method that measures molecular mass, used to confirm a peptide's identity.

Incretin agonists, multi-receptor agents and what happens outside the trials.

How peptides are made, tested and supplied; who makes them.

Mitochondrial-derived peptides such as MOTS-c.

A short peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA rather than the nuclear genome, such as MOTS-c.

A sixteen-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome, described in 2015 as a regulator of metabolic homeostasis.

The identifier of a study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, the US public trial registry.

The Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, an FDA advisory panel whose votes are recommendations rather than decisions.

First-in-human studies, usually small, designed to assess safety and how the body handles a compound.

Large confirmatory trials designed to establish efficacy and safety for a regulatory submission.

Evidence from laboratory and animal studies, before any testing in people.

A study that assigns participants at random to a treatment or a comparator; the standard for showing that a treatment causes an effect.

Compounding law, advisory votes, state boards and the gray market.

BPC-157, TB-500 and the gap between animal and human evidence.

An investigational once-weekly agonist of the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, developed by Eli Lilly.

A substance that causes another substance to be secreted; here, peptides that trigger growth-hormone release.

A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and weight management, with an oral peptide form for weight management approved in late 2025.

Copper peptides and wound-healing materials.

A synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4, a naturally occurring protein involved in cell migration and tissue repair.

A stabilised GHRH analogue approved for reducing excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and weight management.

A sponsor's first summary of a trial's main outcomes, usually by press release, before the full peer-reviewed paper.

A single molecule that activates three receptors; retatrutide targets GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors.

The World Anti-Doping Agency's category for non-approved substances, prohibited at all times in sport.